Mir-320e and colorectal cancer

ABSTRACT

Embodiments provide methods and compositions related to determining treatments for colorectal cancer patients by detection and analysis of the expression level of miRNA such as miR-320e in the patients. Embodiments provide predictive, prognostic and/or diagnostics methods by identifying miRNAs that are useful for clinical management of cancer patients, particularly colorectal cancer patients or patients at risk or determined to have colorectal cancer. Methods and compositions are based, in part, on the discovery that expression of certain miRNAs in cancer patients is associated with advancing cancer stages and/or can predict the responsiveness of cancer therapy, and can, therefore, provide basis for designing treatment strategies. In particular embodiments, the miRNA molecule is miR-320, particularly miR-320e.

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/941,340, filed Feb. 18, 2014, herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

The invention was made with government support under Grant No.KO5CA-142885 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Thegovernment has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the fields of molecularbiology and oncology. More particularly, it concerns methods andcompositions involving microRNA (miRNAs) molecules and cancer prognosisand treatment.

2. Description of Related Art

Currently, colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with lymph node metastasis(TNM stage III) are treated with adjuvant chemotherapy that includescytotoxic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin, followingsurgical resection of the cancer. Similarly, patients with distantmetastatic CRC (stage IV) are treated with various combinations ofchemotherapeutic drugs and molecularly-targeted drugs that includeanti-VEGF and anti-EGFR antibodies. Although these treatment regimenshave improved outcomes in patients with advanced CRC, a significantproportion of individuals fail to derive any benefit from suchtreatments, and some experience worse outcomes as a result ofdrug-associated toxicities.

Thus, there is a need for developing predictive biomarkers that canselect the subgroup of patients that will benefit from conventionalchemotherapeutic drugs, so that patients who will not benefit from thetreatment can be spared from drug toxicity and offered alternatetreatments.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments provide predictive, prognostic and/or diagnostics methods byidentifying miRNAs that are useful for clinical management of cancerpatients, particularly colorectal cancer patients or patients at risk ordetermined to have colorectal cancer. Methods and compositions arebased, in part, on the discovery that expression of certain miRNAs incancer patients is associated with advancing cancer stages and/or canpredict the responsiveness of cancer therapy, and can, therefore,provide basis for designing treatment strategies. In particularembodiments, the miRNA molecule is miR-320, particularly miR-320e. Insome embodiments the miR-320 is a human sequence (hsa-miR-320e), and itmay have a sequence as set forth in 5′-aaagcuggguugagaagg-3′ (SEQ IDNO:1) or having at least or at most 70, 80, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, or100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:1, or any value or range derivabletherefrom.

Thus, there may be first provided a method for treating colorectalcancer in a patient. In particular aspects, the cancer is stage I, II orIII colorectal cancer. In further aspects, the cancer is stage IVcolorectal cancer or a metastatic cancer. The method may compriseadministering a treatment comprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor toa patient that is determined to have a decreased expression level in agene encoding an miRNA molecule compared to a control or referenceexpression level. In further embodiments, the method comprisesadministering a treatment other than a thymidylate synthase inhibitor toa patient that is determined not to have a decreased expression level ina gene encoding an miRNA molecule compared to a control or referenceexpression level. In particular embodiments, the miRNA molecule ismiR-320, particularly miR-320e. In additional embodiments, the patientmay be under a current colorectal cancer treatment comprising athymidylate synthase inhibitor or administered a prior colorectal cancertreatment comprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor.

In certain embodiments there is a method for treating colorectal cancerin a patient, the method comprising: administering a treatmentcomprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor to a patient that isdetermined to have a decreased expression level of miR-320e relative tothe expression level of miR-320e in recurrent colorectal cancer oradministering a cancer treatment other than the thymidylate synthaseinhibitor to a patient determined to have an increased expression levelof miR-320e relative to the expression level of miR-320e in recurrentcolorectal cancer. The expression level of miR-320e in the patient maybe compared directly or indirectly to the level of expression in arecurrent colorectal cancer patient in order to determine if theexpression level of the patient is increased or decreased. In someembodiments, a patient who is at risk or increased risk for recurrentcolorectal cancer is administered a cancer treatment other than athymidylate synthase inhibitor such as 5-FU. In other embodiments, apatient who is not considered at risk or who is considered to have alower risk for recurrent colorectal cancer is administered a cancertreatment that includes a thymidylate synthase inhibitor such as 5-FU.

In particular embodiments, the treatment comprising a thymidylatesynthase inhibitor also comprises cytotoxic agents such as a pyrimidineanalog and/or a platinum-based antineoplastic, e.g., a 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) and/or oxaliplatin.

In certain embodiments, the method may comprise identifying a patientthat has an increased expression level in a gene encoding an miRNAmolecule as compared to a control or reference expression level. Becausethe high expression level of the particular miR-320e level indicates lowresponsiveness of the particular subject to the traditional fluorouracil(5-FU) chemotherapy, the subject having a high miR-320e level may beprescribed a treatment that is a non-5-FU therapy or an alternativetreatment.

For example, a non-5-FU therapy or an alternative treatment is adifferent chemotherapy that is not based on a thymidylate synthaseinhibitor or a different chemotherapy such as any chemotherapy otherthan 5-FU; or different non-chemotherapy cancer therapy, such asradiation therapy or immunotherapy, or a method for lowering theexpression of the particular miRNA expression level, such as anmiRNA-320e inhibitor, which may be a small molecule or an inhibitoryRNA.

In other embodiments, the patient that may be identified as having a lowexpression level of miR-320e as compared to a control may beadministered a traditional chemotherapy comprising, for example,anti-metabolites like a thymidylate synthase inhibitor. The thymidylatesynthase inhibitor may be a pyrimidine analog, particularly fluorouracil(5-FU), optionally in combination with or a platinum-basedantineoplastic. The platinum-based antineoplastic may be Oxaliplatin. Atraditional chemotherapy for colorectal cancer may also compriseinhibitors for growth factors, such as Avastin® (bevacizumab) andepidermal growth factor receptor Erbitux®(cetuximab).

Methods may also be provided for evaluating the response of a colorectalcancer patient to a colorectal cancer treatment. The method may comprisedetermining in a sample from a patient under or after a colorectalcancer treatment that the sample has increased expression levels in agene encoding miR-320e compared to a control or reference expressionlevel for the gene. For example, the increased expression indicates thatthe patient's poor prognosis or risk of poor response to the treatmentas compared to a control. The method may further comprise identifyingthe patient with the increased expression as being at risk for poorresponse to the colorectal cancer treatment or having poor prognosis.The method may still further comprise calculating a prognosis orresponse score for the patient based on the miR-320e expression level.In further embodiments, the method may further comprise monitoring thepatient for colorectal cancer recurrence or prescribing a differentcancer treatment.

In other embodiments, the method may comprise determining that thesample does not have increased expression levels or, alternatively, hasdecreased expression levels in the gene. Because the expression level iscorrelated with the response or prognosis, the method may furthercomprise identifying the patient not having the increased expression or,alternatively, having decreased expression levels as likely beingresponsive to the treatment or having good prognosis.

There may be provided a method of treating a patient with colorectalcancer, comprising identifying the patient as having an increasedexpression level in a gene encoding miR-320e compared to a control orreference expression level for the gene; and administering a treatmentthat inhibits or reduces the expression level of the miR-320e gene, suchas an siRNA that specifically binds miR-320e.

In further embodiments, the method may comprise determining theexpression level of the miRNA molecule. In still further embodiments,the method may comprise obtaining a sample of the subject or patient orobtaining a sample from the subject or patient. Non-limiting examples ofthe sample include a tissue sample, a whole blood sample, a urinesample, a saliva sample, a serum sample or a fecal sample. In particularembodiments, the sample is a rectum sample, a colon sample or a cecumsample.

The methods of obtaining a sample provided herein include methods ofbiopsy such as fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, vacuumassisted biopsy, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, punch biopsy,shave biopsy or skin biopsy. In certain embodiments the sample isobtained from a biopsy from rectal, cecum, or colon tissue by any of thebiopsy methods previously mentioned. In other embodiments the sample maybe obtained from any of the tissues provided herein that include but,are not limited to, gall bladder, skin, heart, lung, breast, pancreas,liver, muscle, kidney, smooth muscle, bladder, intestine, brain,prostate, esophagus, or thyroid tissue.

Alternatively, the sample may include, but not be limited to, blood,serum, sweat, hair follicle, buccal tissue, tears, menses, urine, feces,or saliva. In particular embodiments, the sample may be a tissue sample,a whole blood sample, a urine sample, a saliva sample, a serum sample, aplasma sample or a fecal sample. In particular embodiments, the samplemay be a bodily fluid sample, including, but not limited to, a wholeblood sample, a urine sample, a saliva sample, a tear sample, a serumsample, or a plasma sample. In further embodiments, the sample may be asample that has been enriched for certain exosomes.

In certain aspects the sample is obtained from cystic fluid or fluidderived from a tumor or neoplasm. In yet other embodiments the cyst,tumor or neoplasm is in the digestive system. In certain aspects of thecurrent methods, any medical professional such as a doctor, nurse ormedical technician may obtain a biological sample for testing. Infurther aspects of the current methods, the patient or subject mayobtain a biological sample for testing without the assistance of amedical professional, such as obtaining a whole blood sample, a urinesample, a fecal sample, a buccal sample, or a saliva sample.

In further embodiments, the sample may be a fresh, frozen or preservedsample or a fine needle aspirate. In particular embodiments, the sampleis a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample. An acquired samplemay be placed in short term or long term storage by placing in asuitable medium, excipient, solution, or container. In certain casesstorage may require keeping the sample in a refrigerated, or frozenenvironment. The sample may be quickly frozen prior to storage in afrozen environment. In certain instances the frozen sample may becontacted with a suitable cryopreservation medium or compound. Examplesof cryopreservation mediums or compounds include, but are not limitedto: glycerol, ethylene glycol, sucrose, or glucose.

Some embodiments further involve isolating nucleic acids such asribonucleic or RNA from a biological sample or in a sample of thepatient. In certain aspects, isolating nucleic acids may not be neededor may be avoided. Other steps may or may not include amplifying anucleic acid in a sample and/or hybridizing one or more probes to anamplified or non-amplified nucleic acid.

In further aspects, the method may comprise assaying nucleic acids inexosomes. For example, exosomes positive for a cancer-specific antigenmay be isolated from a sample such as a circulating sample, particularlya blood sample or a serum sample or any bodily fluid sample. The methodmay further comprise determining miRNA expression level, such asmiR-320e, in the exosomes. In certain aspects, there may be provided amethod comprising isolating or enriching exosomes, particularly exosomesin a particular cancer, such as colorectal cancer, and determining themiR-320 expression in the exosomes. The isolation or enrichment ofexosomes may involve the use of an antibody that binds to a targetexpressed in exosomes, such as A33.

In certain aspects, the method may further comprise normalizing theexpression level of miR-320e to a reference level of a different geneticmarker, such as the expression level of hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-26b,hsa-miR-92, hsa-miR-92N, hsa-miR-423, hsa-miR-374 and hsa-miR-16, RNU24,RNU66, RNU19, RNU38B, RNU49, Z30, RNU48, RNU43, U18, RNU58B, RNU58A,RPL21, U54, HY3, U75, RNU68, RNU44, U47 and RNU6B, or any markers thatcan be used as an internal standard. An ideal internal standard may beexpressed at a constant level among different tissues, and may beunaffected by the experimental treatment. In the particular embodiment,the expression level of miR-320e may be normalized by the expressionlevel of another miRNA, such as hsa-miR-16. In other embodiments,expression levels may be compared to an expression level that varieswith the sample or disease state; that is, to an expression level thatis not unchanged or is a normalizing expression level.

The methods may further comprise assaying nucleic acids in a sample. Incertain embodiments, a microarray or any methods known in the art may beused to measure or assay the level of miRNA expression in a sample. Thenucleic acid assay methods may further include, but not be limited to,PCR, digital PCR, dd PCR (digital droplet PCR), nCounter (nanoString),BEAMing (Beads, Emulsions, Amplifications, and Magnetics) (Inostics),ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation Systems), RNA-Seq, TAm-Seg(Tagged-Amplicon deep sequencing), PAP (Pyrophosphorolysis-activationpolymerization), RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, northern hybridization,hybridization protection assay (HPA)(GenProbe), branched DNA (bDNA)assay (Chiron), rolling circle amplification (RCA), single moleculehybridization detection (US Genomics), Invader assay (ThirdWaveTechnologies), and/or Bridge Litigation Assay (Genaco), next generationRNA sequencing, or a combination thereof. The methods may furthercomprise recording the miRNA expression level in a tangible medium orreporting the expression level to the patient, a health care payer, aphysician, an insurance agent, or an electronic system.

In some embodiments, methods will involve determining or calculating aprognosis score based on data concerning the expression level of themiRNA, meaning that the expression level of the miRNA is at least one ofthe factors on which the score is based. A prognosis score, which mayinclude a response score, may provide information about the patient,such as the general probability whether the patient is sensitive to aparticular therapy or has poor survival or high chances of recurrence.In certain embodiments, a prognosis value is expressed as a numericalinteger or number that represents a probability of 0% likelihood to 100%likelihood that a patient has a chance of poor survival or cancerrecurrence or poor response to a particular treatment.

In some embodiments, the prognosis or response score is expressed as anumber that represents a probability of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,or 100% likelihood (or any range derivable therein) that a patient has achance of poor survival or cancer recurrence or poor response to aparticular treatment. Alternatively, the probability may be expressedgenerally in percentiles, quartiles, or deciles.

In further aspects, the expression level or score may be a relativeexpression level or score based on comparison with a certain cutoffvalue or reference level, for example, as expressed in percentiles,quartiles, or deciles, such as 25, 50, 75 percentiles, or any range orvalue derivable therefrom. In particular aspects, the increase ordecrease may be an increase from the 25^(th) percentile to the 75^(th)percentile, the 25^(th) percentile to the 50^(th) percentile, or the50^(th) percentile to the 75^(th) percentile of the miR-320edistribution or vice versa, or any change based on a comparison betweenthe patient and a median of a control group.

In certain aspects, the prognosis or response score may be calculatedfrom or based on a hazard ratio. A hazard ratio may be the ratio of thehazard rates corresponding to the conditions described by two levels ofan explanatory variable: for example, a hazard ratio may be a ratio ofthe hazard or chance of events (poor therapeutic response, recurrence,or poor survival or death) occurring after the treatment as comparedwith a control.

There may be provided methods for assigning weight to certain expressionlevel or coefficients based on the expression level. A differencebetween or among weighted coefficients or expression levels of differentgenes, or between or among the weighted comparisons may be, be at leastor be at most about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5,5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0,11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0,17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0. 19.5, 20.0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170,175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240,245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310,315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380,385, 390, 395, 400, 410, 420, 425, 430, 440, 441, 450, 460, 470, 475,480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 525, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 575, 580, 590,600, 610, 620, 625, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 675, 680, 690, 700, 710,720, 725, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 775, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 825,830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 875, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 925, 930, 940,950, 960, 970, 975, 980, 990, 1000 times or -fold (or any rangederivable therein).

In some embodiments, determination of calculation of a diagnostic,prognostic, or risk score is performed by applying classificationalgorithms based on the expression values of biomarkers withdifferential expression p values of about, between about, or at mostabout 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013,0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, 0.020, 0.021, 0.022, 0.023,0.024, 0.025, 0.026, 0.027, 0.028, 0.029, 0.03, 0.031, 0.032, 0.033,0.034, 0.035, 0.036, 0.037, 0.038, 0.039, 0.040, 0.041, 0.042, 0.043,0.044, 0.045, 0.046, 0.047, 0.048, 0.049, 0.050, 0.051, 0.052, 0.053,0.054, 0.055, 0.056, 0.057, 0.058, 0.059, 0.060, 0.061, 0.062, 0.063,0.064, 0.065, 0.066, 0.067, 0.068, 0.069, 0.070, 0.071, 0.072, 0.073,0.074, 0.075, 0.076, 0.077, 0.078, 0.079, 0.080, 0.081, 0.082, 0.083,0.084, 0.085, 0.086, 0.087, 0.088, 0.089, 0.090, 0.091, 0.092, 0.093,0.094, 0.095, 0.096, 0.097, 0.098, 0.099, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6,0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or higher (or any range derivable therein). In certainembodiments, the prognosis score is calculated using one or morestatistically significantly differentially expressed biomarkers (eitherindividually or as difference pairs), including expression levels in agene encoding miR-320e.

Any of the methods described herein may be implemented on tangiblecomputer-readable medium comprising computer-readable code that, whenexecuted by a computer, causes the computer to perform one or moreoperations. In some embodiments, there is a tangible computer-readablemedium comprising computer-readable code that, when executed by acomputer, causes the computer to perform operations comprising: a)receiving information corresponding to an expression level of a geneencoding miR-320e in a sample from a patient; and b) determining adifference value in the expression levels using the informationcorresponding to the expression levels in the sample compared to acontrol or reference expression level for the gene.

In other aspects, tangible computer-readable medium further comprisecomputer-readable code that, when executed by a computer, causes thecomputer to perform one or more additional operations comprising makingrecommendations comprising: wherein the patient in the step a) is underor after a first treatment for colorectal cancer, administering the sametreatment as the first treatment to the patient if the patient does nothave an increased expression level of miR-320e; administering adifferent treatment from the first treatment to the patient if thepatient has an increased expression level of miR-320e.

In some embodiments, receiving information comprises receiving from atangible data storage device information corresponding to the expressionlevels from a tangible storage device. In additional embodiments themedium further comprises computer-readable code that, when executed by acomputer, causes the computer to perform one or more additionaloperations comprising: sending information corresponding to thedifference value to a tangible data storage device, calculating aprognosis score for the patient, treating the patient with a traditionalcolorectal therapy if the patient does not have an increased expressionlevel of miR-320e, and/or or treating the patient with an alternativecolorectal therapy if the patient has an increased expression level ofmiR-320e.

The tangible, computer-readable medium further comprisecomputer-readable code that, when executed by a computer, causes thecomputer to perform one or more additional operations comprisingcalculating a prognosis score for the patient. The operations mayfurther comprise making recommendations comprising: administering atreatment comprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor to a patient thatis determined to have a decreased expression level. A method fordetermining the risk of recurrence in a patient who has or hadcolorectal cancer comprising: measuring an expression level of miR-320ein a biological sample from a patient; comparing the expression level ofmiR-320e in the biological sample to a control or reference sample thatindicates whether the expression level is decreased compared to a levelof expression in a sample that has a high risk of colorectal cancerrecurrence; and, identifying the patient as not having a high risk ofcolorectal cancer recurrence if the expression level is decreased oridentifying the patient as having a high risk of colorectal cancerrecurrence if the expression level is similar or greater than the levelof expression in the sample that has a high risk of colorectal cancerrecurrence. Also provided are kits containing the disclosed compositionsor compositions used to implement the disclosed methods. In someembodiments, kits can be used to evaluate one or more miRNA molecules ormarkers, including miR-320e and/or one or more normalizing miRNAmolecules or other markers. In certain embodiments, a kit contains,contains at least, or contains at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50 or more, or any range and combination derivable therein,miRNA probes or primers including those that may specifically hybridizeunder stringent conditions to miRNAs disclosed herein. In otherembodiments, kits or methods may involve 1, 2, or more probes orprimers, which may be capable of specifically detecting any biomarkersfor expression.

Also included may be enzymes suitable for amplifying nucleic acidsincluding various polymerases (RT, Tag, Seguenase™ etc.),deoxynucleotides and buffers to provide the necessary reaction mixturefor amplification. Such kits also generally will comprise, in suitablemeans, distinct containers for each individual reagent and enzyme aswell as for each primer or probe.

The kits may further comprise instructions for using the kit forassessing expression, means for converting the expression data intoexpression values and/or means or medians for analyzing the expressionvalues to generate scores that predict response, diagnosis, survival,prognosis or indicate recommendations for treatment choices. Possiblemeans for converting the expression data into expression values and/ormeans or medians and for analyzing the expression values and/or means ormedians to generate scores that predict response, diagnosis, survival orprognosis or indicate recommendations for treatment choices may also beincluded.

As used herein the specification, “a” or “an” may mean one or more. Asused herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word“comprising”, the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one.

The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unlessexplicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternativesare mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definitionthat refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” As used herein “another”may mean at least a second or more.

Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that avalue includes the inherent variation of error for the device, themethod being employed to determine the value, or the variation thatexists among the study subjects.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings form part of the present specification and areincluded to further demonstrate certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these drawings in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1A-1E—MiR-320e expression in colonic mucosa from healthyindividuals and CRC tissues from patients. miR320e results wereexpressed as 2^(−ΔCt) and normalized to miR-16. A. Colonic mucosa vsprimary tumors—stage II-IV, miR-320e expression in colonic mucosa fromhealthy controls (NC), and in stage II, III and IV CRCs; the number ofpatients (N) and median expression (median) are listed below the graph.B. Recurrence vs Non-Recurrence—Stage II & III, recurrence duringfollow-up according to miR-320e expression in stage II & III CRCpatients. C. Recurrence vs Non-Recurrence—stage II. Stage II CRCpatients treated with 5-FU therapy and D. Recurrence vsNon-Recurrence—stage III. Stage III CRC patients treated with 5-FUtherapy. E. Lymph nodes affected—stage MM. Number of nearby lymph nodesaffected (N0=0, N1=0-4, N2>4) according to miR-320e expression.

FIG. 2A-2D—Survival analysis in stage II/III patients treated with5-FU-based chemotherapy. A. Disease-Free Survival of patients with stageII and III disease, according to miR-320e expression status (Highexpression N=72 (43.1%); Low expression N=95 (56.9%)) (HR=2.44; 95% CI,=1.46-4.31). B. Overall Survival of patients with stage II and IIIdisease, according to miR-320e expression status (High expression N=72(43.1%); Low expression N=95 (56.9%)) (HR=2.38; 95% CI, =1.23-4.56). C.Disease-Free Survival of stage II CRC patients (High expression N=23(33.8%); Low expression N=45 (66.2%)) (HR=0.78; 95% CI, =0.26-2.39). D.Disease-Free Survival of stage III CRC patients (High expression N=51(50%); Low expression N=51 (51%)) (HR=3.46; 95% CI, =1.77-6.11)

FIG. 3—MiR-320e expression in the discovery cohort. Log_(e) normalizedexpression levels for miR-320e in stage III colorectal cancers treatedwith 5-FU based chemotherapy. Cases (patients with tumor recurrence) hadsignificantly higher miR-320e expression compared to controls (patientswithout recurrence). The red line indicates median value for expression.

FIG. 4A-4B—MiR-320e expression in normal colonic mucosa and CRC tissuesfrom the validation cohort. MiR-320e results were expressed as 2^(−ΔCt)and normalized to miR-16. A) Colonic mucosa vs. primary tumors—stageII-IV, miR-320e expression in colonic mucosa from healthy controls (NC),and in stage II, III and IV CRCs; the number of patients (N) and medianexpression (median) are listed below the graph. B) Recurrence or deathwithin 3 years vs. Non-Recurrence or death within 3 years—Stage II &III, miR-320e expression; the number of patients (N) and medianexpression (median) are listed below the graph. The red line indicatesmedian value for expression.

FIG. 5A-5B—Predicted DFS and OS Survival Functions. Predicted DFS A) andOS B) from the Cox regression model containing TNM stage, tumorlocation, and miR-320e expression to visualize the hazard ratiosreported in Table 3. Tumor location was set to the left side for thefigures. Stage II curves are blue; stage III curves are red. Q1 (solidline) denotes patients with miR-320e expression at the 25^(th)percentile, while Q3 (dashed line) denotes patients with miR-320eexpression at the 75^(th) percentile. Thus, the curves representsurvival functions for patients in the middle of the bottom half of themiR-320e distribution versus those in the middle of the top half of themiR-320e distribution.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS I. INTRODUCTION

Certain aspects provide a test that could assist physicians to selectthe optimal treatment strategy such as a chemotherapy for a patient fromseveral alternative treatment options. A major clinical challenge incancer treatment is to identify the subset of patients who will benefitfrom chemotherapy, both in metastatic and adjuvant settings. The numberof anti-cancer drugs and multi-drug combinations has increasedsubstantially in the past decade, however, treatments continue to beapplied empirically using a trial-and-error approach. Clinicalexperience shows that some tumors are sensitive to several differenttypes of chemotherapeutic agents, while other cancers of the samehistology show selective sensitivity to certain drugs but resistance toothers. Here methods and compositions are provided to determine theoptimal treatment option for cancer patients.

II. DEFINITIONS

“Prognosis” refers to a prediction of how a patient will progress, andwhether there is a chance of recovery. “Cancer prognosis” generallyrefers to a forecast or prediction of the probable course or outcome ofthe cancer, with or without a treatment. As used herein, cancerprognosis includes the forecast or prediction of any one or more of thefollowing: duration of survival of a patient susceptible to or diagnosedwith a cancer, duration of recurrence-free survival, duration ofprogression free survival of a patient susceptible to or diagnosed witha cancer, response rate in a group of patients susceptible to ordiagnosed with a cancer, duration of response in a patient or a group ofpatients susceptible to or diagnosed with a cancer, and/or likelihood ofmetastasis in a patient susceptible to or diagnosed with a cancer.Prognosis may also include prediction of favorable responses to cancertreatments, such as a conventional cancer therapy. A response may beeither a therapeutic response (sensitivity or recurrence-free survival)or a lack of therapeutic response (residual disease, which may indicateresistance or recurrence).

By “subject” or “patient” is meant any single subject for which therapyis desired, including an animal (for example a mammal), such as humans,non-human primates, rodents, dogs, pigs, cattle, dogs, guinea pigs,rabbits, chickens, and so on. Also intended to be included as a subjectare any subjects involved in clinical research trials not showing anyclinical sign of disease, or subjects involved in epidemiologicalstudies, or subjects used as controls.

The term “primer,” as used herein, is meant to encompass any nucleicacid that is capable of priming the synthesis of a nascent nucleic acidin a template-dependent process. Typically, primers are oligonucleotidesfrom ten to twenty and/or thirty base pairs in length, but longersequences can be employed. Primers may be provided in double-strandedand/or single-stranded form, although the single-stranded form ispreferred.

As used herein, “increased expression” or “decreased expression” refersto an expression level of a biomarker in the subject's sample ascompared to a reference level representing the same biomarker or adifferent biomarker. In certain aspects, the reference level may be areference level of expression from a non-cancerous tissue from the samesubject. Alternatively, the reference level may be a reference level ofexpression from a different subject or group of subjects, such as areference level of expression from a subject or a group of subjects thathave non-recurrent colorectal cancer, or from a subject or group thathas at most 20, 30, 40, or 50% risk (or any range derivable therefrom)of having a recurrence of colorectal cancer. Alternatively, thereference level may be a reference level of expression from a subject ora group of subjects that has high recurrence risk, such as at least 50,60, 70, 80, 90 or any range derivable therefrom of recurrence riskrelative to a combined group of one or more non-recurrence subjects andrecurrence subjects. The combined group may be randomly selected or maybe a group of clinical trial subjects, subjects in a particulargeographic area, an age group, a gender group, or a stage of colorectalcancer, or any group based on one or more classification criteria thatdoes not include colorectal cancer recurrence. A person of ordinaryskill in the art understands that an expression level from a testsubject may be determined to have an elevated level of expression, asimilar level of expression or a decreased level of expression comparedto a reference level.

In further embodiments, the risk of recurrence can also be described asa risk of poor prognosis, risk of poor response to a particular therapy,or risk of death or metastasis.

In particular aspects, the reference level may be a value associatedwith a percentile, quartile, or decile or any statistic distributionvalues that represent low risk or high risk recurrence in a combinedgroup.

For example, the reference level of expression may be an expressionlevel obtained from a sample (e.g., a tissue, fluid or cell sample) of asubject or group of subjects without cancer, or an expression levelobtained from a non-cancerous tissue of a subject or group of subjectswith cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, or a subject or a group ofsubjects that have non-recurrence of colorectal cancer, or has at most20, 30, 40, or 50% risk (or any range derivable therefrom) of recurrenceof colorectal cancer. The control may be a control sample or controlsubject that may have non-recurrence of colorectal cancer, or have atmost 20, 30, 40, or 50% risk (or any range derivable therefrom)ofrecurrence of colorectal cancer In certain aspects, “as compared to”includes indirect comparison to a reference level or a control thatindicates non-recurrence or low recurrence risk by direct comparing withan increased level of expression or a control with high recurrence risk(at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or any range derivable therefrom ofrecurrence risk) in a combined group described herein.

The reference level may be a single value or may be a range of values.The reference level of expression can be determined using any methodknown to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, thereference level is an average level of expression determined from acohort of subjects with cancer or without cancer. The reference levelmay also be depicted graphically as an area on a graph. In certainembodiments, a reference level is a normalized level, while in otherembodiments, it may be a level that is not stable with respect to thetissue or biological sample being tested.

“About” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptable degree oferror for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of themeasurements. Typically, exemplary degrees of error are within 20percent (%), preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% of agiven value or range of values. Alternatively, and particularly inbiological systems, the terms “about” and “approximately” may meanvalues that are within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-foldand more preferably within 2-fold of a given value. Numerical quantitiesgiven herein are approximate unless stated otherwise, meaning that theterm “about” or “approximately” can be inferred when not expresslystated.

III. MIRNA

Certain aspects are based, in part, on the systematic discovery andvalidation of prognostic/predictive miRNA(s) biomarkers in twoindependent clinical-based cohorts of CRC patients treated by a uniform5-FU chemotherapy regimen. In certain embodiments, microRNAs(abbreviated miRNAs) may be used in methods and compositions fordetermining the prognosis, such as response to a particular cancertreatment, of a particular patient.

MiRNAs may be naturally occurring, small non-coding RNAs that are about17 to about 25 nucleotide bases (nt) in length in their biologicallyactive form. miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression byrepressing target mRNA translation. It is thought that miRNAs functionas negative regulators, i.e. greater amounts of a specific miRNA willcorrelate with lower levels of target gene expression.

There may be three forms of miRNAs existing in vivo, primary miRNAs(pri-miRNAs), premature miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), and mature miRNAs. PrimarymiRNAs (pri-miRNAs) are expressed as stem-loop structured transcripts ofabout a few hundred bases to over 1 kb. The pri-miRNA transcripts arecleaved in the nucleus by an RNase II endonuclease called Drosha thatcleaves both strands of the stem near the base of the stem loop. Droshacleaves the RNA duplex with staggered cuts, leaving a 5′ phosphate and 2nt overhang at the 3′ end.

The cleavage product, the premature miRNA (pre-miRNA) may be about 60 toabout 110 nt long with a hairpin structure formed in a fold-back manner.Pre-miRNA is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by Ran-GTPand Exportin-5. Pre-miRNAs are processed further in the cytoplasm byanother RNase II endonuclease called Dicer. Dicer recognizes the 5′phosphate and 3′ overhang, and cleaves the loop off at the stem-loopjunction to form miRNA duplexes. The miRNA duplex binds to theRNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), where the antisense strand ispreferentially degraded and the sense strand mature miRNA directs RISCto its target site. It is the mature miRNA that is the biologicallyactive form of the miRNA and is about 17 to about 25 nt in length.

MicroRNAs function by engaging in base pairing (perfect or imperfect)with specific sequences in their target genes' messages (mRNA). ThemiRNA degrades or represses translation of the mRNA, causing the targetgenes' expression to be post-transcriptionally down-regulated,repressed, or silenced. In animals, miRNAs do not necessarily haveperfect homologies to their target sites, and partial homologies lead totranslational repression, whereas in plants, where miRNAs tend to showcomplete homologies to the target sites, degradation of the message(mRNA) prevails.

MicroRNAs are widely distributed in the genome, dominate generegulation, and actively participate in many physiological andpathological processes. For example, the regulatory modality of certainmiRNAs is found to control cell proliferation, differentiation, andapoptosis; and abnormal miRNA profiles are associated with oncogenesis.Additionally, it is suggested that viral infection causes an increase inmiRNAs targeted to silence “pro-cell survival” genes, and a decrease inmiRNAs repressing genes associated with apoptosis (programmed celldeath), thus tilting the balance toward gaining apoptosis signaling.

In other embodiments, there are synthetic nucleic acids that are miRNAinhibitors. An miRNA inhibitor is between about 17 to 25 nucleotides inlength and comprises a 5′ to 3′ sequence that is at least 90%complementary to the 5′ to 3′ sequence of a mature miRNA. In certainembodiments, an miRNA inhibitor molecule is 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,24, or 25 nucleotides in length, or any range derivable therein.Moreover, an miRNA inhibitor has a sequence (from 5′ to 3′) that is oris at least 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3,99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8, 99.9 or 100% complementary, or any rangederivable therein, to the 5′ to 3′ sequence of a mature miRNA,particularly a mature, naturally occurring miRNA. One of skill in theart could use a portion of the probe sequence that is complementary tothe sequence of a mature miRNA as the sequence for an miRNA inhibitor.Moreover, that portion of the probe sequence can be altered so that itis still 90% complementary to the sequence of a mature miRNA.

In certain embodiments, a synthetic miRNA has one or more modifiednucleic acid residues. In certain embodiments, the sugar modification isa 2′O-Me modification, a 2′F modification , a 2′H modification, a2′amino modification, a 4′ribose modification, or a phosphorothioatemodification on the carboxy group linked to the carbon at position 6. Infurther embodiments, there is one or more sugar modifications in thefirst or last 2 to 4 residues of the complementary region or the firstor last 4 to 6 residues of the complementary region.

The miRNA region and the complementary region may be on the same orseparate polynucleotides. In cases in which they are contained on or inthe same polynucleotide, the miRNA molecule will be considered a singlepolynucleotide. In embodiments in which the different regions are onseparate polynucleotides, the synthetic miRNA will be considered to becomprised of two polynucleotides.

When the RNA molecule is a single polynucleotide, there is a linkerregion between the miRNA region and the complementary region. In someembodiments, the single polynucleotide is capable of forming a hairpinloop structure as a result of bonding between the miRNA region and thecomplementary region. The linker constitutes the hairpin loop. It iscontemplated that in some embodiments, the linker region is, is atleast, or is at most 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 residues in length, or any range derivabletherein. In certain embodiments, the linker is between 3 and 30 residues(inclusive) in length.

In addition to having an miRNA region and a complementary region, theremay be flanking sequences as well at either the 5′ or 3′ end of theregion. In some embodiments, there is or is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10 nucleotides or more, or any range derivable therein,flanking one or both sides of these regions.

Methods in certain aspects include reducing or eliminating activity ofone or more miRNAs in a cell comprising introducing into a cell an miRNAinhibitor; or supplying or enhancing the activity of one or more miRNAsin a cell. Certain embodiments also concern inducing certain cellularcharacteristics by providing to a cell a particular nucleic acid, suchas a specific synthetic miRNA molecule or a synthetic miRNA inhibitormolecule. However, in certain aspects of the methods, the miRNA moleculeor miRNA inhibitor need not be synthetic. They may have a sequence thatis identical to a naturally occurring miRNA or they may not have anydesign modifications. In certain embodiments, the miRNA molecule and/oran miRNA inhibitor are synthetic, as discussed above.

IV. COLORECTAL CANCER STAGING AND TREATMENTS

Methods and compositions may be provided for treating colorectal cancerwith particular applications of miRNA expression levels. Based on aprofile of miRNA expression levels, for example, the miR320e, differenttreatments may be prescribed or recommended for different cancerpatients.

A. Cancer Staging

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer, or bowelcancer, is a cancer from uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum(parts of the large intestine), or in the appendix. Certain aspects ofthe methods are provided for patients that are stage II-IV colorectalcancer patients. In particular aspects, the patient is a stage IVpatient.

The most common staging system is the TNM (for tumors/nodes/metastases)system, from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The TNMsystem assigns a number based on three categories. “T” denotes thedegree of invasion of the intestinal wall, “N” the degree of lymphaticnode involvement, and “M” the degree of metastasis. The broader stage ofa cancer is usually quoted as a number I, II, III, IV derived from theTNM value grouped by prognosis; a higher number indicates a moreadvanced cancer and likely a worse outcome. Details of this system arein the graph below:

AJCC stage TNM stage TNM stage criteria for colorectal cancer Stage 0Tis N0 M0 Tis: Tumor confined to mucosa; cancer-in-situ Stage I T1 N0 M0T1: Tumor invades submucosa Stage I T2 N0 M0 T2: Tumor invadesmuscularis propria Stage II-A T3 N0 M0 T3: Tumor invades subserosa orbeyond (without other organs involved) Stage II-B T4 N0 M0 T4: Tumorinvades adjacent organs or perforates the visceral peritoneum StageIII-A T1-2 N1 M0 N1: Metastasis to 1 to 3 regional lymph nodes. T1 orT2. Stage III-B T3-4 N1 M0 N1: Metastasis to 1 to 3 regional lymphnodes. T3 or T4. Stage III-C any T, N2 M0 N2: Metastasis to 4 or moreregional lymph nodes. Any T. Stage IV any T, any N, M1 M1: Distantmetastases present. Any T, any N.

B. Traditional Therapy

For people with localized colorectal cancer, the preferred treatment iscomplete surgical removal with adequate margins, with the attempt ofachieving a cure. This can either be done by an open laparotomy orsometimes laparoscopically. If there are only a few metastases in theliver or lungs they may also be removed. Sometimes chemotherapy is usedbefore surgery to shrink the cancer before attempting to remove it. Thetwo most common sites of recurrence of colorectal cancer is in the liverand lungs.

In both cancer of the colon and rectum, chemotherapy may be used inaddition to surgery in certain cases. In rectal cancer, chemotherapy maybe used in the neoadjuvant setting.

In certain embodiments, there may be a decision regarding whethertraditional therapy or alternative treatment may be performed.Chemotherapy based on antimetabolites or thymidylate synthase inhibitorssuch as fluorouracil (5-FU) have been the main treatment for metastaticcolorectal cancer and thus represents traditional therapy for colorectalcancer patients. Major progress has been made by the introduction ofregimens containing new cytotoxic drugs, such as irinotecan oroxaliplatin. The combinations commonly used, e.g., irinotecan,fluorouracil, and Jeucovorin (FOLFIRI) and oxaliplatin, fluorouracil,and leucovorin (FOLFOX) can reach an objective response rate of about50%. However, these new combinations remain inactive in one half of thepatients and, in addition, resistance to treatment appear in almost allpatients who were initially responders. More recently, two monoclonalantibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor Avastin®(bevacizumab) (Genentech Inc., South San Francisco Calif.) and epidermalgrowth factor receptor Erbitux®(cetuximab) (Imclone Inc. New York City)have been approved for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer but arealways used in combination with standard chemotherapy regimens. Thus,traditional therapy may include one or more of the chemical therapeuticagents including thymidylate synthase inhibitors or antimetabolites suchas fluorouracil (5-FU), alone or in combination with other therapeuticagents. Any therapy for treating colorectal cancer that is not based on5-FU may be alternative treatments.

For example, the first treatment to be tested for response or thetraditional therapy may be antimetabolites or thymidylate synthaseinhibitors, prodrugs, or salts thereof.

Antimetabolites can be used in cancer treatment, as they interfere withDNA production and therefore cell division and the growth of tumors.Because cancer cells spend more time dividing than other cells,inhibiting cell division harms tumor cells more than other cells.Anti-metabolites masquerade as a purine (azathioprine, mercaptopurine)or a pyrimidine, chemicals that become the building-blocks of DNA. Theyprevent these substances becoming incorporated in to DNA during the Sphase (of the cell cycle), stopping normal development and division.They also affect RNA synthesis. However, because thymidine is used inDNA but not in RNA (where uracil is used instead), inhibition ofthymidine synthesis via thymidylate synthase selectively inhibits DNAsynthesis over RNA synthesis. Due to their efficiency, these drugs arethe most widely used cytostatics. In the ATC system, they are classifiedunder L01B.

Thymidylate synthase inhibitors are chemical agents which inhibit theenzyme thymidylate synthase and have potential as an anticancerchemotherapy. As an anti-cancer chemotherapy target, thymidylatesynthetase can be inhibited by the thymidylate synthase inhibitors suchas fluorinated pyrimidine fluorouracil, or certain folate analogues, themost notable one being raltitrexed (trade name Tomudex). Five agentswere in clinical trials in 2002: raltitrexed, pemetrexed, nolatrexed,ZD9331, and GS7904L. Additional non-limiting examples include:Raltitrexed, used for colorectal cancer since 1998; Fluorouracil, usedfor colorectal cancer; BGC 945; OSI-7904L.

In further embodiments, there may be involved prodrugs that can beconverted to thymidylate synthase inhibitors in the body, such asCapecitabine (INN), an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent usedin the treatment of numerous cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that isenzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the body.

If cancer has entered the lymph nodes, adding the chemotherapy agentsfluorouracil or capecitabine increases life expectancy. If the lymphnodes do not contain cancer, the benefits of chemotherapy arecontroversial. If the cancer is widely metastatic or unresectable,treatment is then palliative. For example, a number of differentchemotherapy medications may be used. Chemotherapy agents for thiscondition may include capecitabine, fluorouracil, irinotecan,leucovorin, oxaliplatin and UFT. Another type of agent that is sometimesused are the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors.

C. Alternative Treatments

In certain embodiments, alternative treatments may be prescribed orrecommended based on the biomarker profile. In addition to traditionalchemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients, cancer therapies alsoinclude a variety of combination therapies with both chemical andradiation based treatments. Combination chemotherapies include, forexample, cisplatin (CDDP), carboplatin, procarbazine, mechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide, camptothecin, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil,busulfan, nitrosurea, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin,bleomycin, plicomycin, mitomycin, etoposide (VP16), tamoxifen,raloxifene, estrogen receptor binding agents, taxol, gemcitabien,navelbine, farnesyl-protein tansferase inhibitors, transplatinum,5-fluorouracil, vincristin, vinblastin and methotrexate, or any analogor derivative variant of the foregoing.

While a combination of radiation and chemotherapy may be useful forrectal cancer, its use in colon cancer is not routine due to thesensitivity of the bowels to radiation. Just as for chemotherapy,radiotherapy can be used in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting forsome stages of rectal cancer. Thus, radiation may be consideredalternative treatment when traditional chemotherapy alone does not work.

In people with incurable colorectal cancer, treatment options includingpalliative care can be considered for improving quality of life.Surgical options may include non-curative surgical removal of some ofthe cancer tissue, bypassing part of the intestines, or stent placement.These procedures can be considered to improve symptoms and reducecomplications such as bleeding from the tumor, abdominal pain andintestinal obstruction. Non-operative methods of symptomatic treatmentinclude radiation therapy to decrease tumor size as well as painmedications

Immunotherapeutics, generally, rely on the use of immune effector cellsand molecules to target and destroy cancer cells. The immune effectormay be, for example, an antibody specific for some marker on the surfaceof a tumor cell. The antibody alone may serve as an effector of therapyor it may recruit other cells to actually effect cell killing. Theantibody also may be conjugated to a drug or toxin (chemotherapeutic,radionuclide, ricin A chain, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, etc.) andserve merely as a targeting agent. Alternatively, the effector may be alymphocyte carrying a surface molecule that interacts, either directlyor indirectly, with a tumor cell target. Various effector cells includecytotoxic T cells and NK cells.

Generally, the tumor cell must bear some marker that is amenable totargeting, i.e., is not present on the majority of other cells. Manytumor markers exist and any of these may be suitable for targeting.Common tumor markers include carcinoembryonic antigen, prostate specificantigen, urinary tumor associated antigen, fetal antigen, tyrosinase(p97), gp68, TAG-72, HMFG, Sialyl Lewis Antigen, MucA, MucB, PLAP,estrogen receptor, laminin receptor, erb B and p155.

In yet another embodiment, the secondary treatment is a gene therapy. Incertain embodiments, the therapeutic gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Atumor suppressor gene is a gene that, when present in a cell, reducesthe tumorigenicity, malignancy, or hyperproliferative phenotype of thecell. This definition includes both the full length nucleic acidsequence of the tumor suppressor gene, as well as non-full lengthsequences of any length derived from the full length sequences. It isfurther understood that the sequence includes the degenerate codons ofthe native sequence or sequences which may be introduced to providecodon preference in a specific host cell. Examples of tumor suppressornucleic acids within this definition include, but are not limited toAPC, CYLD, HIN-I, KRAS2b, p16, p19, p21, p27, p27mt, p53, p57, p73,PTEN, Rb, Uteroglobin, Skp2, BRCA-I, BRCA-2, CHK2, CDKN2A, DCC, DPC4,MADR2/JV18, MEN1, MEN2, MTS1, NF1, NF2, VHL, WRN, WT1, CFTR, C-CAM,CTS-I, zacl, scFV, MMAC1, FCC, MCC, Gene 26 (CACNA2D2), PL6, Beta*(BLU), Luca-1 (HYAL1), Luca-2 (HYAL2), 123F2 (RASSF1), 101F6, Gene 21(NPRL2), or a gene encoding a SEM A3 polypeptide and FUS1. Otherexemplary tumor suppressor genes are described in a database of tumorsuppressor genes at world wide web throughwww.cise.uftedu/˜yyl/HTML-TSGDB/Homepage.litml. This database is hereinspecifically incorporated by reference into this and all other sectionsof the present application. Nucleic acids encoding tumor suppressorgenes, as discussed above, include tumor suppressor genes, or nucleicacids derived therefrom {e.g., cDNAs, cRNAs, mRNAs, and subsequencesthereof encoding active fragments of the respective tumor suppressoramino acid sequences), as well as vectors comprising these sequences.One of ordinary skill in the art would be familiar with tumor suppressorgenes that can be applied.

D. Monitoring

In certain aspects, the biomarker-based method may be combined with oneor more other colon cancer diagnosis or screening tests at increasedfrequency if the patient is determined to be at high risk for recurrenceor have a poor prognosis based on the biomarker described above.

The colon monitoring may include any methods known in the art. Inparticular, the monitoring include obtaining a sample and testing thesample for diagnosis. For example, the colon monitoring may includecolonoscopy, which is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel andthe distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber opticcamera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It can provide avisual diagnosis (e.g. ulceration, polyps) and grants the opportunityfor biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions. Thus,colonoscopy or coloscopy can be used for treatment.

In further aspects, the monitoring diagnosis may include sigmoidoscopy,which is similar to colonoscopy—the difference being related to whichparts of the colon each can examine. A colonoscopy allows an examinationof the entire colon (1200-1500 mm in length). A sigmoidoscopy allows anexamination of the distal portion (about 600 mm) of the colon, which maybe sufficient because benefits to cancer survival of colonoscopy havebeen limited to the detection of lesions in the distal portion of thecolon. A sigmoidoscopy is often used as a screening procedure for a fullcolonoscopy, often done in conjunction with a fecal occult blood test(FOBT). About 5% of these screened patients are referred to colonoscopy.

In additional aspects, the monitoring diagnosis may include virtualcolonoscopy, which uses 2D and 3D imagery reconstructed from computedtomography (CT) scans or from nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) scans, asa totally non-invasive medical test.

The monitoring include the use of one or more screening tests for coloncancer including, but not limited to fecal occult blood testing,flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Of the three, only sigmoidoscopycannot screen the right side of the colon where 42% of malignancies arefound. Virtual colonoscopy via a CT scan appears as good as standardcolonoscopy for detecting cancers and large adenomas but is expensive,associated with radiation exposure, and cannot remove any detectedabnormal growths like standard colonoscopy can. Fecal occult bloodtesting (FOBT) of the stool is typically recommended every two years andcan be either guaiac based or immunochemical. Annual FOBT screeningresults in a 16% relative risk reduction in colorectal cancer mortality,but no difference in all-cause mortality. The M2-PK test identifies anenzyme in colorectal cancers and polyps rather than blood in the stool.It does not require any special preparation prior to testing. M2-PK issensitive for colorectal cancer and polyps and is able to detectbleeding and non-bleeding colorectal cancer and polyps. In the event ofa positive result people would be asked to undergo further examinatione.g. colonoscopy.

V. SAMPLE PREPARATION

In certain aspects, methods involve obtaining a sample from a subject.The methods of obtaining provided herein may include methods of biopsysuch as fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, vacuum assistedbiopsy, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, punch biopsy, shave biopsyor skin biopsy. In certain embodiments the sample is obtained from abiopsy from colorectal tissue by any of the biopsy methods previouslymentioned. In other embodiments the sample may be obtained from any ofthe tissues provided herein that include but are not limited to gallbladder, skin, heart, lung, breast, pancreas, liver, muscle, kidney,smooth muscle, bladder, colon, intestine, brain, prostate, esophagus, orthyroid tissue. Alternatively, the sample may be obtained from any othersource including but not limited to blood, sweat, hair follicle, buccaltissue, tears, menses, feces, or saliva. In certain aspects the sampleis obtained from cystic fluid or fluid derived from a tumor or neoplasm.In yet other embodiments the cyst, tumor or neoplasm is colorectal. Incertain aspects of the current methods, any medical professional such asa doctor, nurse or medical technician may obtain a biological sample fortesting. Yet further, the biological sample can be obtained without theassistance of a medical professional.

A sample may include but is not limited to, tissue, cells, or biologicalmaterial from cells or derived from cells of a subject. The biologicalsample may be a heterogeneous or homogeneous population of cells ortissues. The biological sample may be obtained using any method known tothe art that can provide a sample suitable for the analytical methodsdescribed herein. The sample may be obtained by non-invasive methodsincluding but not limited to: scraping of the skin or cervix, swabbingof the cheek, saliva collection, urine collection, feces collection,collection of menses, tears, or semen.

The sample may be obtained by methods known in the art. In certainembodiments the samples are obtained by biopsy. In other embodiments thesample is obtained by swabbing, scraping, phlebotomy, or any othermethods known in the art. In some cases, the sample may be obtained,stored, or transported using components of a kit of the present methods.In some cases, multiple samples, such as multiple colorectal samples maybe obtained for diagnosis by the methods described herein. In othercases, multiple samples, such as one or more samples from one tissuetype (for example colon) and one or more samples from another tissue(for example buccal) may be obtained for diagnosis by the methods. Insome cases, multiple samples such as one or more samples from one tissuetype (e.g. rectal) and one or more samples from another tissue (e.g.cecum) may be obtained at the same or different times. Samples may beobtained at different times are stored and/or analyzed by differentmethods. For example, a sample may be obtained and analyzed by routinestaining methods or any other cytological analysis methods.

In some embodiments the biological sample may be obtained by aphysician, nurse, or other medical professional such as a medicaltechnician, endocrinologist, cytologist, phlebotomist, radiologist, or apulmonologist. The medical professional may indicate the appropriatetest or assay to perform on the sample. In certain aspects a molecularprofiling business may consult on which assays or tests are mostappropriately indicated. In further aspects of the current methods, thepatient or subject may obtain a biological sample for testing withoutthe assistance of a medical professional, such as obtaining a wholeblood sample, a urine sample, a fecal sample, a buccal sample, or asaliva sample.

In other cases, the sample is obtained by an invasive procedureincluding but not limited to: biopsy, needle aspiration, or phlebotomy.The method of needle aspiration may further include fine needleaspiration, core needle biopsy, vacuum assisted biopsy, or large corebiopsy. In some embodiments, multiple samples may be obtained by themethods herein to ensure a sufficient amount of biological material.

General methods for obtaining biological samples are also known in theart. Publications such as Ramzy, Ibrahim Clinical Cytopathology andAspiration Biopsy 2001, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety, describes general methods for biopsy and cytological methods.In one embodiment, the sample is a fine needle aspirate of a colorectalor a suspected colorectal tumor or neoplasm. In some cases, the fineneedle aspirate sampling procedure may be guided by the use of anultrasound, X-ray, or other imaging device.

In some embodiments of the present methods, the molecular profilingbusiness may obtain the biological sample from a subject directly, froma medical professional, from a third party, or from a kit provided by amolecular profiling business or a third party. In some cases, thebiological sample may be obtained by the molecular profiling businessafter the subject, a medical professional, or a third party acquires andsends the biological sample to the molecular profiling business. In somecases, the molecular profiling business may provide suitable containers,and excipients for storage and transport of the biological sample to themolecular profiling business.

In some embodiments, of the methods described herein, a medicalprofessional need not be involved in the initial diagnosis or sampleacquisition. An individual may alternatively obtain a sample through theuse of an over the counter (OTC) kit. An OTC kit may contain a means forobtaining said sample as described herein, a means for storing saidsample for inspection, and instructions for proper use of the kit. Insome cases, molecular profiling services are included in the price forpurchase of the kit. In other cases, the molecular profiling servicesare billed separately. A sample suitable for use by the molecularprofiling business may be any material containing tissues, cells,nucleic acids, genes, gene fragments, expression products, geneexpression products, or gene expression product fragments of anindividual to be tested. Methods for determining sample suitabilityand/or adequacy are provided.

In some embodiments, the subject may be referred to a specialist such asan oncologist, surgeon, or endocrinologist. The specialist may likewiseobtain a biological sample for testing or refer the individual to atesting center or laboratory for submission of the biological sample. Insome cases the medical professional may refer the subject to a testingcenter or laboratory for submission of the biological sample. In othercases, the subject may provide the sample. In some cases, a molecularprofiling business may obtain the sample.

VI. NUCLEIC ACID ASSAYS

Aspects of the methods include assaying nucleic acids to determineexpression levels. Arrays can be used to detect differences between twosamples. Specifically contemplated applications include identifyingand/or quantifying differences between miRNA from a sample that isnormal and from a sample that is not normal, between a cancerouscondition and a non-cancerous condition, or between two differentlytreated samples. Also, miRNA may be compared between a sample believedto be susceptible to a particular disease or condition and one believedto be not susceptible or resistant to that disease or condition. Asample that is not normal is one exhibiting phenotypic trait(s) of adisease or condition or one believed to be not normal with respect tothat disease or condition. It may be compared to a cell that is normalwith respect to that disease or condition. Phenotypic traits includesymptoms of, or susceptibility to, a disease or condition of which acomponent is or may or may not be genetic or caused by ahyperproliferative or neoplastic cell or cells.

An array comprises a solid support with nucleic acid probes attached tothe support. Arrays typically comprise a plurality of different nucleicacid probes that are coupled to a surface of a substrate in different,known locations. These arrays, also described as “microarrays” orcolloquially “chips” have been generally described in the art, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,143,854, 5,445,934, 5,744,305, 5,677,195,6,040,193, 5,424,186 and Fodor et al., 1991), each of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Techniquesfor the synthesis of these arrays using mechanical synthesis methods aredescribed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,261, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety for all purposes. Although a planar arraysurface is used in certain aspects, the array may be fabricated on asurface of virtually any shape or even a multiplicity of surfaces.Arrays may be nucleic acids on beads, gels, polymeric surfaces, fiberssuch as fiber optics, glass or any other appropriate substrate, see U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,770,358, 5,789,162, 5,708,153, 6,040,193 and 5,800,992,which are hereby incorporated in their entirety for all purposes.

In addition to the use of arrays and microarrays, it is contemplatedthat a number of difference assays could be employed to analyze miRNAs,their activities, and their effects. Such assays include, but are notlimited to, nucleic amplification, polymerase chain reaction,quantitative PCR, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, digital PCR, dd PCR(digital droplet PCR), nCounter (nanoString), BEAMing (Beads, Emulsions,Amplifications, and Magnetics) (Inostics), ARMS (AmplificationRefractory Mutation Systems), RNA-Seq, TAm-Seg (Tagged-Amplicon deepsequencing), PAP (Pyrophosphorolysis-activation polymerization), nextgeneration RNA sequencing, northern hybridization, hybridizationprotection assay (HPA)(GenProbe), branched DNA (bDNA) assay (Chiron),rolling circle amplification (RCA), single molecule hybridizationdetection (US Genomics), Invader assay (ThirdWave Technologies), and/orBridge Litigation Assay (Genaco).

In certain aspects, the methods and compositions described herein mayinclude the use of exosomes that have been isolated or enriched from thepatient. Exosomes may be cell-derived vesicles that are present in manyand perhaps all biological fluids, including blood, urine, and culturedmedium of cell cultures. The diameter of exosomes may be between 30 and100 nm, which is larger than LDL, but much smaller than for example redblood cells. In certain aspects, the diameter of exosomes may be atleast about, about, or at most about 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100,500, 1,000 nm or any range or value derivable therefrom.

Exosomes are either released from the cell when multivesicular bodiesfuse with the plasma membrane or they are released directly from theplasma membrane. It is becoming increasingly clear that exosomes havespecialized functions and play a key role in, for example, coagulation,intercellular signaling, and waste management. Consequently, there is agrowing interest in the clinical applications of exosomes. Exosomes canbe used for prognosis, therapy, and biomarkers for health and disease.

Any known methods in the art can be used to isolate or enrich exosomes.For example, ultracentrifugation, micro-filtration, size-exclusionchromatography, or a gradient can be used to isolate exosomes.Antibody-based methods may be used to isolate antigen-specific exosomes,and can be used in combination with other separation methods.

VII. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS

In certain aspects, the compositions or agents for use in the methods,such as chemotherapeutic agents or miR-320e inhibitors, are suitablycontained in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier isnon-toxic, biocompatible and is selected so as not to detrimentallyaffect the biological activity of the agent. The agents in some aspectsmay be formulated into preparations for local delivery (i.e. to aspecific location of the body, such as skeletal muscle or other tissue)or systemic delivery, in solid, semi-solid, gel, liquid or gaseous formssuch as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions,depositories, inhalants and injections allowing for oral, parenteral orsurgical administration. Certain aspects also contemplate localadministration of the compositions by coating medical devices and thelike.

Suitable carriers for parenteral delivery via injectable, infusion orirrigation and topical delivery include distilled water, physiologicalphosphate-buffered saline, normal or lactated Ringer's solutions,dextrose solution, Hank's solution, or propanediol. In addition,sterile, fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.For this purpose any biocompatible oil may be employed includingsynthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleicacid find use in the preparation of injectables. The carrier and agentmay be compounded as a liquid, suspension, polymerizable ornon-polymerizable gel, paste or salve.

The carrier may also comprise a delivery vehicle to sustain (i.e.,extend, delay or regulate) the delivery of the agent(s) or to enhancethe delivery, uptake, stability or pharmacokinetics of the therapeuticagent(s). Such a delivery vehicle may include, by way of non-limitingexamples, microparticles, microspheres, nanospheres or nanoparticlescomposed of proteins, liposomes, carbohydrates, synthetic organiccompounds, inorganic compounds, polymeric or copolymeric hydrogels andpolymeric micelles.

In certain aspects, the actual dosage amount of a compositionadministered to a patient or subject can be determined by physical andphysiological factors such as body weight, severity of condition, thetype of disease being treated, previous or concurrent therapeuticinterventions, idiopathy of the patient and on the route ofadministration. The practitioner responsible for administration will, inany event, determine the concentration of active ingredient(s) in acomposition and appropriate dose(s) for the individual subject.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may comprise, forexample, at least about 0.1% of an active agent, such as an isolatedexosome, a related lipid nanovesicle, or an exosome or nanovesicleloaded with therapeutic agents or diagnostic agents described herein. Inother embodiments, the active agent may comprise between about 2% toabout 75% of the weight of the unit, or between about 25% to about 60%,for example, and any range derivable therein. In other non-limitingexamples, a dose may also comprise from about 1 microgram/kg/bodyweight, about 5 microgram/kg/body weight, about microgram/kg/bodyweight, about 50 microgram/kg/body weight, about 100 microgram/kg/bodyweight, about 200 microgram/kg/body weight, about 350 microgram/kg/bodyweight, about 500 microgram/kg/body weight, about 1 milligram/kg/bodyweight, about 5 milligram/kg/body weight, about 10 milligram/kg/bodyweight, about 50 milligram/kg/body weight, about 100 milligram/kg/bodyweight, about 200 milligram/kg/body weight, about 350 milligram/kg/bodyweight, about 500 milligram/kg/body weight, to about 1000 mg/kg/bodyweight or more per administration, and any range derivable therein. Innon-limiting examples of a derivable range from the numbers listedherein, a range of about 5 microgram/kg/body weight to about 100mg/kg/body weight, about 5 microgram/kg/body weight to about 500milligram/kg/body weight, etc., can be administered.

Solutions of pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in watersuitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose.Dispersions also can be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethyleneglycols, mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions ofstorage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to preventthe growth of microorganisms.

In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions are advantageouslyadministered in the form of injectable compositions either as liquidsolutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, orsuspension in, liquid prior to injection may also be prepared. Thesepreparations also may be emulsified. A typical composition for suchpurpose comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For instance,the composition may contain 10 mg or less, 25 mg, 50 mg or up to about100 mg of human serum albumin per milliliter of phosphate bufferedsaline. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include aqueoussolutions, non-toxic excipients, including salts, preservatives, buffersand the like.

Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, vegetable oil and injectable organic esters such as ethyloleate.Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, salinesolutions, parenteral vehicles such as sodium chloride, Ringer'sdextrose, etc. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrientreplenishers. Preservatives include antimicrobial agents, antifungalagents, anti-oxidants, chelating agents and inert gases. The pH andexact concentration of the various components the pharmaceuticalcomposition are adjusted according to well-known parameters.

Additional formulations are suitable for oral administration. Oralformulations include such typical excipients as, for example,pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate,sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate and the like. Thecompositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills,capsules, sustained release formulations or powders.

In further aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions may include classicpharmaceutical preparations. Administration of pharmaceuticalcompositions according to certain aspects may be via any common route solong as the target tissue is available via that route. This may includeoral, nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal or topical. Topical administrationmay be particularly advantageous for the treatment of skin cancers, toprevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia or other dermal hyperproliferativedisorder. Alternatively, administration may be by orthotopic,intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intravenousinjection. Such compositions would normally be administered aspharmaceutically acceptable compositions that include physiologicallyacceptable carriers, buffers or other excipients. For treatment ofconditions of the lungs, aerosol delivery can be used. Volume of theaerosol is between about 0.01 ml and 0.5 ml.

An effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition is determinedbased on the intended goal. The term “unit dose” or “dosage” refers tophysically discrete units suitable for use in a subject, each unitcontaining a predetermined-quantity of the pharmaceutical compositioncalculated to produce the desired responses discussed above inassociation with its administration, i.e., the appropriate route andtreatment regimen. The quantity to be administered, both according tonumber of treatments and unit dose, depends on the protection or effectdesired.

Precise amounts of the pharmaceutical composition also depend on thejudgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual.Factors affecting the dose include the physical and clinical state ofthe patient, the route of administration, the intended goal of treatment(e.g., alleviation of symptoms versus cure) and the potency, stabilityand toxicity of the particular therapeutic substance.

VIII. KITS

Certain aspects also concern kits containing compositions describedherein or compositions to implement methods described herein. In someembodiments, kits can be used to evaluate one or more miRNA molecules.In certain embodiments, a kit contains about, contains at least orcontains at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100,500, 1,000 or more miRNA probes, synthetic miRNA molecules or miRNAinhibitors, or any value or range and combination derivable therein. Insome embodiments, there are kits for evaluating miRNA activity in acell.

Kits may comprise components, which may be individually packaged orplaced in a container, such as a tube, bottle, vial, syringe, or othersuitable container means.

Individual components may also be provided in a kit in concentratedamounts; in some embodiments, a component is provided individually inthe same concentration as it would be in a solution with othercomponents. Concentrations of components may be provided as 1×, 2×, 5×,10×, or 20× or more.

Kits for using miRNA probes, synthetic miRNAs, nonsynthetic miRNAs,and/or miRNA inhibitors described herein for prognostic or diagnosticapplications are included in certain aspects. Specifically contemplatedare any such molecules corresponding to any miRNA identified herein.

In certain aspects, negative and/or positive control synthetic miRNAsand/or miRNA inhibitors are included in some kit embodiments. Thecontrol molecules can be used to verify transfection efficiency and/orcontrol for transfection-induced changes in cells.

It is contemplated that any method or composition described herein canbe implemented with respect to any other method or composition describedherein and that different embodiments may be combined. It isspecifically contemplated that any methods and compositions discussedherein with respect to miRNA molecules or miRNA may be implemented withrespect to synthetic miRNAs to the extent the synthetic miRNA is exposedto the proper conditions to allow it to become a mature miRNA underphysiological circumstances. Any embodiment involving specific miRNAs byname is contemplated also to cover embodiments involving miRNAs whosesequences are at least 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% identical to the mature sequence of thespecified miRNA.

Certain embodiments include kits for analysis of a sample by assessingmiRNA profile for a sample comprising, in suitable container means, twoor more miRNA probes, wherein the miRNA probes detect one or more of themiRNA identified herein. The kit can further comprise reagents forlabeling miRNA in the sample. The kit may also include labelingreagents, including at least one of amine-modified nucleotide, poly(A)polymerase, and poly(A) polymerase buffer. Labeling reagents can includean amine-reactive dye.

IX. EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodimentsof the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the artthat the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow representtechniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practiceof the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferredmodes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, inlight of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can bemade in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain alike or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

Example 1 miR-320e as a Novel Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer

Patients—Discovery Patient Cohort. A cohort of 100 stage III coloncancer tissue samples that included 50 patients with tumor recurrence,and 50 without recurrence within 3 years of treatment. These patientswere enrolled as part of the NCCTG N0147, a phase III trial of FOLFOXalone or combined with cetuximab as adjuvant chemotherapy (Alberts, etal., 2012); however, the clinical specimens in this study were limitedto the FOLFOX alone study arm. Median patient follow-up on this trialwas 4.1 years. Of the 47 patients without tumor recurrence and 50 withrecurrence from whom miRNA expression profiling was successfullyobtained, 53.2% and 56% were treated with FOLFOX alone respectively.This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of allparticipating centers, and a written informed consent was obtained fromall patients. Data are summarized either as mean with 95% confidenceintervals (CI) on the log₂ scale, or these values were exponentiated togenerate fold-change with a confidence interval.

Validation Patient Cohort. This group included a total of 237 CRCpatients (65 stage II, 102 stage III, and 70 stage IV) that wereenrolled as part of a clinical trial conducted at the Hospital Clinic,Barcelona, Spain. Patients in this clinical trial were enrolled between1996 and 2008, and the median follow-up was 4.7 years in patients thatwere alive at last follow-up, and 3.5 years for all patients. All stageII and III patients were treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapyfollowing resection of the primary tumor; all stage IV patients weretreated with 5-FU and oxaliplatin (Takahashi, et al., 2012). Normalcolonic mucosa (n=20) from healthy individuals was obtained from thePathology Department of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and included ascontrols. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board(IRB) of Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain, and a written informedconsent was obtained from all patients.

RNA extraction. Total RNA including the miRNA fraction was extractedfrom formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues using theRecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.,USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Array methodology. Analysis was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip®miRNA 2.0 Array (Santa Clara, Calif.). Samples were labeled using theGenisphere FlashTag Biotin HSR kit (Hatfield, Pa.). Briefly, onemicrogram of total RNA from FFPE samples was incubated with ATP and PolyA polymerase to add a 3′ polyA tail. A ligation reaction was thenperformed to covalently attach to the miRNA population a multiple-biotinmolecule containing a 3DNA dendrimer. Labeled samples were subsequentlyprocessed according to manufacturer's instructions. After hybridizationfor 16 h at 48° C., the arrays were washed and stained in an AffymetrixFluidics station 450, then scanned in an Affymetrix 3000 7G scanner. The1,105 human miRNA transcripts that are interrogated on AffymetrixGeneChip® miRNA 2.0 Array were analyzed.

MiRNA expression microarrays. MiRNA microarray expression profilinganalysis included interrogation of 2,221 miRNAs, using the AffymetrixGeneChip® miRNA 2.0 Arrays (Santa Clara, Calif.). Each sample waslabeled using the Genisphere FlashTag Biotin HSR kit (Hatfield, Pa.).Briefly, one microgram of total RNA was incubated with ATP andPoly-A-polymerase to add a 3′-polyA tail. A ligation reaction was thenperformed to covalently attach to the miRNA population a multiple-biotinmolecule containing a 3′-DNA dendrimer. Labeled samples weresubsequently processed according to manufacturer's instructions.Following hybridization for 16 h at 48° C., the arrays were washed andstained in an Affymetrix Fluidics station 450, scanned using anAffymetrix 3000 7G scanner, and the expression changes between cases andcontrols were analyzed.

Quantification of miRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR. Expression ofmiR-320e in the validation patient cohort was performed utilizing theTaqman reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) method with the TaqMan miRNAexpression assay (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) in aStepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). All theexperiments were done in duplicate. Results were expressed as 2^(−ΔCt)and normalized to miR-16. To keep consistent measurements throughout allplates, two independent RNA cell line samples were loaded as internalcontrols in each PCR run, and the results from each plate werenormalized according to data obtained from these internal controls.

Statistical analysis. The quality of the raw Affymetrix miRNA data wasassessed using boxplots and residual MVA plots for each subject pre- andpost-normalization (Eckel, et al., 2005). Per-probe and -patientdistributions of detection calls were also examined, where signalintensities with detection p<0.06 were considered to be detected. Thenon-human probes were excluded prior to normalization, leaving 2,221human miRNA transcripts for analyses. Data were analyzed on the log₂scale, and were normalized using quantile normalization (Bolstad, etal., 2003). Differential expression between tumors with and withoutrecurrence within 3 years was performed via logistic regression byincorporating various variables: both unadjusted and adjustedindividually for deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) vs. proficient MMR(pMMR) status, presence/absence of a BRAT'^(V600E) or KRAS mutation,right vs. left side, and metastatic regional lymph nodes <4 or >=4. FDRvalues were calculated, and the significance level was set at FDR q<0.05(Storey & Tibshirani, 2003). Probes were filtered out of considerationif the standard deviation (SD) in cases and controls combined for agiven probe was less than the 95^(th) percentile SD (0.164) for probesthat were not detected in ≧45% of the samples.

Distributions in the validation cohort are presented as mean (SD) ormedian (range) depending on level of skewness in the data for continuousvariables, or as counts (percentage) for categorical variables.Nonparametric tests (rank sum, Kruskal Wallace) were used to compareexpression between groups. Kaplan Meier and Cox regression models wereused to assess association with time to event outcomes that includedoverall survival (OS), defined as time from diagnosis to death, anddisease free survival (DFS) defined as time from diagnosis to diseaserecurrence or death. Due to the scale of miR320e expression, hazardratios are presented as the change in risk of a person at the 75^(th)percentile relative to a person at the 25^(th) percentile of miR-320edistribution. This can be interpreted as the increase in risk due to apatient moving from the middle of the bottom half of the miR-320edistribution to the middle of the top half of the distribution.Bootstrapping was used to calculate an optimism corrected c-index,analogous to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(Steyerberg, et al., 2011). A c-index of 0.5 denotes random predictions,whereas a c index of 1 denotes perfect predictions.

Discovery Patient Cohort. The initial cohort contained 50 patients thatrecurred within 3 years and 50 patients that did not recur within 3years. Of these patients miRNA data were received on 50 of the patientsthat recurred within 3 years and 47 of the patients that did not recurwithin 3 years and all were deemed to be of good quality. The mean±SDage for these 97 patients was 57.3±11.8 and 46 (47.4%) were male. Therewere 47 (48.5%) tumors that were distal and 48 (49.5%) tumors that wereproximal and 2(2.1%) that were both. All patients had TMN stage 3.

Of the 1,105 miRNA probes analyzed, two met the significance criteriawith unadjusted analyses: hp_hsa-mir-518e_x_st and hsa-miR-320e_st, withp=3.22E−05 and 4.48E−05, respectively, and both with FDR q-value of0.0497. miR-320e was up-regulated in cases versus controls; the meanlevel of miR-320e expression (mean±SD) in patients that recurred within3 years was 8.066365±0.463103 vs. 7.716739±0.334095 in patients that didnot recur within 3 years, which had a raw fold change of 1.27423 andunadjusted p-value of p<0.0001. mir-518e was one of 86 probes filteredout due to low standard deviation (and therefore high risk of falsediscovery).

Validation Patient Cohort. In the validation cohort of 237 CRC cases,the mean I SD age of the patients was 64±10 years of age and themajority of patients were male 141 (59.5%). Of the 237 tumors, 80(33.7%) were located in the proximal colon, 144 (60.7%) were distal, and13 (5.6%) were located in the rectum. Approximately 66 (27.8%) of thecases were stage II, 101 (42.6%) stage III, and stage IV in theremaining 70 (29.6%) of the tumors (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Characteristics of Clinical cohort patients Table 1.Characteristics of Clinical patients Characteristics No. (%) of PatientsAge, mean (SD) 64 (10) Gender, n(%) Male, 141 (59.4) Female, 96 (40.6)TNM, n(%) II, 66 (27.8) III, 101 (42.6) IV, 70 (29.6) Location, n(%)Left colon, 144 (60.7) Right colon, 80 (33.7) Grade, n(%) Well,moderate, 140 (96.5) Poor, 5 (3.5) Mucinous, n(%) Yes, 25 (16.3) No, 125(83.7) Follow-up, mean(SD) 1666 (896)

miR320e results were expressed as 2^(−ΔCt) and normalized to miR-16. Themean level of miR-320e expression (mean±SD) in primary colorectal tumortissues was almost ten-fold higher than in normal colonic mucosa(0.0052±0.0046 vs 0.00067+0.00076; p<0.0001). They are 2^(−ΔCt)expression values from RT-qPCR method, corrected by internal platecontrols, the standard method for miRNA expression. As is asemi-quantitative method, miR320e expression was compared with anormalizer (miR16), and a reasonable difference between miR320 and miR16Ct values (around 6-8 Cts) was found.

There was a trend toward gradual increasing of miR-320e expression withadvancing stage of the CRCs, specifically, a significant miR-320eup-regulation was shown in CRC patients with lymph node (stage III)(0.0053±0.0049 vs 0.004±0.0047; p<0.05) or distant metastasis (IV)(0.0062±0.003 vs 0.004±0.0047; p<0.0001) compared to patients without(II). The results confirmed that miR-320e expression was up-regulated inprimary tumors with stages II and III patients who had locoregionalrelapse and/or distant metastasis during follow-up compared to thosewithout , and in patients with 4 or more nearby lymph nodes affected(N2) compared to those patients without any lymph node affected (TNMStage II; p<0.05) (FIG. 1). These results demonstrate the potential roleof miR-320e in CRC progression and metastasis.

MiR-320e is frequently upregulated in CRC patients with recurrence to5-FU based chemotherapy. The Discovery Phase: Systematic discovery formiRNA biomarkers was performed using Affymetrix microarrays in 100 stageIII patients treated with 5-FU based adjuvant chemotherapy, during thecourse of NCCTG NO147 trial. High quality miRNA data was obtained on allbut 3 patients without tumor recurrence at 3 years of follow-up. Themedian age (range) for these 97 patients was 59 (25-81) years, of which46 (47.4%) were male. There were 48 (49.5%) primary tumors that werelocated in the distal colon and 49 (50.5%) tumors that were proximal(Table 2).

TABLE 2 Characteristics of patients in the discovery and validationcohorts Discovery Cohort Validation Cohort Characteristics N (%) N (%)Age, median (range) 59(25-81) 65(32-82) Gender, n(%) Male, 51 (52.6)Male, 141 (59.5) Female, 46 (47.4) Female, 96 (40.5) TNM, n(%) II, 0 (0)II, 65 (27.4) III, 97 (100) III, 102 (43.0) IV, 0 (0) IV, 70 (29.5)Location, n(%) Left colon, 48 (49.5) Left colon, 155 (65.4) Right colon,49 (50.5) Right colon, 69 (29.1) Grade, n(%) Low (Grade 1-2) 68 Well,moderate, 140 (70.1) (96.5) High (Grade 3-4) 29 (29.9) Poor, 5 (3.5)Mucinous, n(%) — Yes, 25 (16.3) — No, 128 (83.7) Follow-up in all 3.24.4 years patients, median (range 0.35-7.1 (range 0.24-14.4 (range)years) years)

Of the 2,221 miRNA probes analyzed, one met statistical significancecriteria with unadjusted analyses: miR-320e, with p<0.0001 and acorresponding FDR q-value of 0.0497. MiR-320e was up-regulated in caseswith recurrence versus no recurrence (controls; FIG. 3). Specifically,the mean level of miR-320e expression (mean±SD) on the log2 scale inpatients that recurred was 8.07±0.46 vs. 7.72±0.33 compared to patientswithout recurrence, resulting in a raw fold change of +1.27 fold. Afteradjusting for sidedness, the mutational status of BRAF and KRAS, andnumber of metastatic regional lymph nodes (< or ≧4), miR-320e expressionwas significantly higher in cases vs. controls (p=0.0003).

The Validation Phase: To further confirm the discovery phase results formiR-320e expression, validation of these data was performed in anindependent cohort of 237 patients with stage II-IV CRC. The median(range) age of the patients was 65 (32-82) years, and of these 141(59.5%) patients were male. Of the 237 CRCs, 69 (29.1%) were located inthe proximal colon, 155(65.4%) were distal, and 13 (5.5%) were locatedin the rectum. Sixty-five (27.43%) of the cases were stage II, 102(43.04%) stage III, and 70 (29.5%) were stage IV (Table 2).

MiR320e results were expressed as 2^(−ΔCt) and normalized with theexpression of miR-16. The median level of miR-320e expression in primaryCRC tissues was almost thirteen-fold higher than in normal colonicmucosa [median (range): 0.000286 (0.0000238-0.0017000) vs. 0.0037(0-0.028), p<0.0001)]. There was a gradual increasing trend for miR-320eexpression with advancing tumor stage (FIG. 4A). Specifically,significant miR-320e up-regulation was found in CRC patients with lymphnode metastases, i.e., stage III [0.00357 (0.00013-0.022) vs 0.00200(0-0.028); p=0.0266] or with distant metastasis, i.e., stage IV [0.0056(0.0011-0.02) vs 0.00200 (0-0.028); p<0.0001] compared to patientswithout regional or distant metastases, i.e., stage II.

Higher expression miR320e is associated with poor outcome in patientswith stage II and III CRC. To determine the potential prognosticsignificance of miR-320e expression, Cox regression models were utilizedwith the miRNA expression levels considered as continuous variables.There were 167 stage II and III CRC patients in the validation cohortwith sufficient data for these analyses. All of these patients weretreated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy for 6 months subsequent totumor resection. Of these patients, 65 out of 167 (38.9%) were stage IIand the remainder were stage III. Median follow-up for these patientswas 4.4 years (range 0.24-14.4 years), and was 4.7 years for patientsalive at last follow-up (range 0.69-14.4 years). The 2- and 5-yearKaplan-Meier DFS estimates were 78.32% (72.29, 84.84) and 63.96% (56.58,72.30), respectively. The 2- and 5-year OS estimates were 91.57% (95%CI: 87.44, 95.89) and 78.52% (95% CI: 72.15, 85.46), respectively.

Multivariate models were employed to interrogate the statisticalsignificance of results in these 167 stage II/III patients, and toassess the association of miR-320e expression with DFS and OS, afteradjusting for tumor location and TNM stage. After adjustment for TNMstage and tumor location in stage II and III patients, an increase of0.0052 units of miR-320e expression (i.e., an increase from the 25^(th)percentile to the 75^(th) percentile of the miR-320e distribution) wasassociated with an increased hazard ratio for DFS (HR=1.39, 95% CI:1.11-1.74, p=0.0036) and OS (HR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.11-1.91, p=0.0059; Table3, FIG. 5). The optimism-corrected c-indices were 0.63 and 0.62 for DFSand OS, respectively.

TABLE 3 Multivariable analysis of the association between DFS or OS andmiR-320e expression in stage II/III CRC patients, adjusting for tumorlocation and stage Multivariate Analysis Stage II & III p- c- VariableEvent/Total HR 95% CI value index Disease-Free Survival miR-320e (per0.0052 60/167 1.39 1.11-1.74 0.0036 0.63 units*) tumor location 1.050.61-1.79 0.8606 (proximal vs. distal) TNM (III vs. II) 2.46 1.34-4.500.0035 Overall Survival miR-320e (per 0.0052 38/167 1.46 1.11-1.910.0059 0.62 units*) tumor location 1.08 0.55-2.11 0.8251 (proximal vs.distal) TNM (III vs. II) 2.46 1.12-5.37 0.0244 HR, Hazard Ratio; CI,Confidence Interval; *This is the IQR, representing an increase from the25^(th) percentile to the 75^(th) percentile of the miR-320edistribution.

When categorizing stage II/III the patients into those who had recurredor died within 3 years vs those who were recurrence-free and alive at ≧3years of follow-up, miR-320e was not significantly different betweenthese groups (0.00410(0.00013-0.02200) vs 0.00290 (0.00023-0.02800)),p=0.1457; FIG. 4B). However, when the cohort was restricted to stage IIIpatients, the level of miR-320e expression was found to be significantlydifferent between patients who had recurred or died within 3 years vs.those who were alive and recurrence free after 3 or more years offollow-up (0.00578 (0.00013-0.02200) vs 0.00260 (0.00025-0.01800),p=0.0132).

To test the prognostic significance of miR-320e expression, samples werecategorized into two groups based on the expression levels in primarytumors, and the dose-response relationship between the rate ofexpression and event-free survival examined by ROC curve analysis. Allstage II and III patients (167) used in this analysis were treated with5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy for 6 months subsequent to tumorresection.

A total of 167 stage II-III patients from the validation cohort wereincluded, 66 out of 167 (39.5%) were stage II and the rest stage III.From those, 72 CRC patients were classified as miR-320e high expressiontumors (42.8%) and the rest were classified as low expression tumors.Median follow-up for these patients was 1640 days (4.5 years; range88-5630 days). A total of 38 out of the 167 patients died duringfollow-up (22.6%) and the median follow-up time for this group was1060±901 days (2.9±2.5 years).

Of these 38 patients, 79% (30/38) died due to tumor progression, and theremaining 21% (8/38) patients died from other causes. Of those patientsstill alive, fifty-five patients (32.9%) had tumor recurrence; all 55with distant metastasis and 17 of these patients (30.9%) hadlocoregional recurrence as well. These recurrences were seen at a medianof 742±604 days (2±1.6 years) after surgery.

High expression of miR-320e was a predictor for poor prognosis in stageII-III CRC patients, and affected survival DFS (High expression(mean±SD) DFS: 1307±818; Low expression: 1500±816; p=0.0009). Thispositive relationship remained when separate stage III patients werestudied (High expression N=51 (50%); Low expression N=51 (51%);p=0.0002) but not for stage II patients alone (High expression N=23(33.8%); Low expression N=45 (66.2%)); p=0.67) (FIG. 2).Furthermore,high levels of miR-320e expression was the only statistical significantrisk factor for stage III CRCs, after adjusting for other prognosticfactors as age, gender, tumor location, tumor size, grade ofdifferentiation or mucinous histology in the multivariate Cox regressionanalysis (HR=2.34, 95% CI: 1-1.5, p=0.03) (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Multivariate analysis of miR-320e expression and DFS in stageII/III CRC patients. Multivariate Stage II & III Stage III Variables HR95% CI p-value HR 95% CI p-value Age (<67 vs >67) years — — — — — —Gender (Male vs Female) — — — — — — Tumor location (Distal vs Proximal)— — — — — — Tumor size (>45 mm(median)) vs <45 mm — — — — — — Grade offDifferentiation (well, — — — — — — moderate vs poor) Mucinous (Positivevs Negative) — — — — — — Lymph node (Positive vs Negative) 2.351.09-5.05 0.03 — — — miR-320e (High vs Low expression) 1.88 0.99-3.560.05 2.34 1.1-5 0.03 Abbreviations: HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, ConfidenceInterval.

Next, the clinicopathological features associated with tumor miR-320eexpression levels was investigated. The variables included in thisanalysis were age, gender, tumor location, tumor size, grade ofdifferentiation, mucinous histology, and lymph node metastasis. Tumorlocation and TNM stage were not associated with the expression status ofmiR-320e. Interestingly, miR-320e was positively associated with tumorsize (p=0.11) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.06); however, theseassociations were not statistically significant (Table 5).

TABLE 5 miR-320e expression status and clinicopathologic characteristicsof stage II & III CRC patients High Low Characteristics ExpressionExpression P- Stages II-III n = 72 (43.1%) n = 95(56.9%) value Age, Mean(SD) 66 (8.1) 64 (10) NS^(†) Gender Male 42 (58) 53 (58.8) NS* N (%)Female 30 (42) 42 (41.2) Tumor Location Distal 51 (70.8) 62 (64.6) NS* N(%) Proximal 21 (29.2) 34 (35.4) Tumor Size <45 mm 26 (39) 46 (52.3)0.11 N (%) >45 mm 40 (61) 42 (47.7) Grade off G0, G1 62 (46.8) 78 (96.3)NS* Differentiation G2 2 (3.2) 3 (3.7) N (%) Mucinous Yes 11 (16.9) 14(15.9) NS* N (%) No 54 (83.1) 74 (84.1) Lymph Node Yes 46 (69.6) 48(59.5) 0.06 Metastasis No 20 (30.4) 40 (45.5) N (%) ^(†)Evaluated withStudent's t test *Evaluated at X2 test of Fisher's exact test

High miR-320e expression associated with advancing CRC stage. Analysisof the clinicopathological features associated with tumor miR-320eexpression levels was also investigated. The variables included in thisanalysis were age, gender, tumor location, tumor size, tumor grade,mucinous, histology, stage, and lymph node metastasis. TNM stage wasfound to be significantly associated with expression level of miR-320e(p=0.0266). Age was not significantly correlated with miR-320eexpression levels (r=0.0626 p=0.4220). Neither tumor location nor lymphnode metastasis were significantly associated with the expression levelof miR-320e (Table 6). Interestingly, there was a trend toward apositive association between miR-320e and tumor size (p=0.1047) and withlymph node metastasis (p=0.0626); however, these associations were notstatistically significant at the 5% level (Table 6).

TABLE 6 miR-320e expression levels and clinico-pathologiccharacteristics of stage II&III CRC patients Patient CharacteristicsNumber MiR-320e expression Stages II-III (Percent) Median (Range)P-value Age  67 (32-82)^(#) Gender* Male 96 (57.5%) 0.00305 (0-0.022)0.9638 Female 71 (42.5%) 0.00300 (0.00033, 0.028) Tumor Location* Distal113 (67.7%)  0.00310 (0.00023-0.022) 0.3618 Proximal 54 (32.3%) 0.00225(0-0.028) Tumor Size* <45 mm 72 (46.8%) 0.0025 (0.00013-0.028)0.1047 >45 mm 82 (53.2%) 0.00337 (0-0.019) Tumor Grade* G1, G2 140(96.6%)  0.00305 (0.00013-0.028) 0.1843 G3 5 (3.4%) 0.00090(0.00067-0.009) Mucinous* Yes 25 (16.3%) 0.0033 (0-0.018) 0.9469 No 128(83.7%)  0.00285 (0.00013-0.028) Lymph Node Yes 95 (61.7%) 0.0034(0.00013-0.022) 0.0626 Metastasis* No 59 (38.3%) 0.00200 (0-0.028) TNM 265 (38.9%) 0.002 (0-0.028) 0.0266 3 102 (61.1%)  0.00357 (0.00013-0.022)*Evaluated using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test; ^(#)Age, is represented asMedian (range)

Example 2 Exosomes

Circulating cell-free nucleic acids have been reported as promisingbiomarkers for various types of human cancers, including colorectalcancer (CRC). However, these biomarkers generally lack disease and/ororgan specificity. Exosome is a small membrane vesicle which containsnucleic acids such as microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA),mRNA and DNA, and is involved in cell-to-cell communication. A markerknown to be expressed specifically in colon, gastric and pancreaticcancer cells can be used to extract cancer-specific exosomes followed bymiR-320 expression determination. For example, it is shown thatA33-positive exosome can be isolated by immunoprecipitation using humanA33 antibody.

Serum samples from patients with colorectal neoplasms and healthycontrols were utilized. Total exosomes were isolated using the TotalExosome Isolation (from serum) kit (Invitrogen). Exosomes positive forA33 antigen were immunoprecipitated from total exosome using A33antibody. Thereafter, total RNA including small RNA was extracted fromA33-positive exosomes using the miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (Qiagen).Expression levels of biomarker miRNAs (miR-21, miR-29a and miR-125b) inA33-positive exosomes were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Culture mediaof various types of cancer cell lines were used to test the specificityof A33-positive exosomes.

Biomarker miRNAs were detectable in A33-positive exosomes isolated fromhuman serum samples. Importantly, levels of miR-21 in A33-positiveexosomes were significantly higher in patients with colorectal neoplasmsthan in healthy controls.

Therefore, expression levels of biomarker miR-320e in A33-positiveexosomes can be measured by real-time RT-PCR in A33-positive circulatingexosomes.

All of the methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executedwithout undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. Whilethe compositions and methods of this invention have been described interms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill inthe art that variations may be applied to the methods and in the stepsor in the sequence of steps of the method described herein withoutdeparting from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. Morespecifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are bothchemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agentsdescribed herein while the same or similar results would be achieved.All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilledin the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating colorectal cancer in apatient, the method comprising: administering a treatment comprising athymidylate synthase inhibitor to a patient that is determined to have adecreased expression level of miR-320e relative to the expression levelof miR-320e in recurrent colorectal cancer or administering a cancertreatment other than the thymidylate synthase inhibitor to a patientdetermined to have an increased expression level of miR-320e relative tothe expression level of miR-320e in recurrent colorectal cancer.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises determining themiR-320e expression level in the patient.
 3. The method of any of claims1-2, where the method further comprises obtaining a sample of thepatient.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the sample is a tissuesample, a whole blood sample, a urine sample, a saliva sample, a serumsample or a fecal sample.
 5. The method of any of claims 3-4, whereinthe sample is a tissue sample.
 6. The method of any of claims 3-5,wherein the sample is a rectum sample, a colon sample or a cecum sample.7. The method of any of claims 3-6, wherein the sample is a rectumsample.
 8. The method of any of claims 3-7, wherein the sample is afresh, frozen or preserved sample or a fine needle aspirate.
 9. Themethod of any of claims 3-8, wherein the sample is a formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample.
 10. The method of any of claims 1-9,wherein the method comprises isolating nucleic acids in a sample of thepatient.
 11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the methodcomprises assaying nucleic acids in a sample of the patient.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, wherein assaying nucleic acids comprises the use ofa microarray, PCR, digital PCR, dd PCR (digital droplet PCR), nCounter(nanoString), BEAMing (Beads, Emulsions, Amplifications, and Magnetics)(Inostics), ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation Systems), RNA-Seq,TAm-Seg (Tagged-Amplicon deep sequencing), PAP(Pyrophosphorolysis-activation polymerization), RT-PCR, in situhybridization, northern hybridization, hybridization protection assay(HPA)(GenProbe), branched DNA (bDNA) assay (Chiron), rolling circleamplification (RCA), single molecule hybridization detection (USGenomics), Invader assay (ThirdWave Technologies), and/or BridgeLitigation Assay (Genaco), next generation RNA sequencing, or acombination thereof.
 13. The method of any of claims 1-12, furthercomprising recording the miR-320e expression level in a tangible medium.14. The method of any of claims 1-13, further comprising reporting theexpression level to the patient, a health care payer, a physician, aninsurance agent, or an electronic system.
 15. The method of any of claim1-14, wherein the cancer is stage II or III colorectal cancer.
 16. Themethod of any of claim 1-14, wherein the cancer is stage IV colorectalcancer.
 17. The method of any of claim 1-16, wherein the treatmentcomprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor is a pyrimidine analog. 18.The method of any of claims 1-17, wherein the treatment comprising athymidylate synthase inhibitor further comprises a platinum-basedantineoplastic.
 19. The method of any of claims 1-18, wherein thetreatment comprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor is a5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and/or Oxaliplatin.
 20. A method for evaluatingthe response of a colorectal cancer patient to a colorectal cancertreatment, comprising: a) determining in a sample from a patient underor after a colorectal cancer treatment that the sample has increasedlevel of miR-320e expression compared to a control or referenceexpression level; and, b) identifying the patient as being at risk ofpoor response to the colorectal cancer treatment.
 21. The method ofclaim 20, further comprising calculating a prognosis score for thepatient based on the miR-320e expression level.
 22. The method of any ofclaims 20-21, further comprising monitoring the patient for colorectalcancer recurrence or prescribing another treatment different from thetreatment in the step a).
 23. The method of any of claims 20-22, wherethe method comprises obtaining a sample of the patient.
 24. The methodof any of claims 20-23, wherein the sample is a tissue sample, a wholeblood sample, a urine sample, a saliva sample, a serum sample or a fecalsample.
 25. The method of any of claims 20-24, wherein the sample is atissue sample.
 26. The method of any of claims 20-25, wherein the sampleis a rectum sample, a colon sample or a cecum sample.
 27. The method ofany of claims 20-26, wherein the sample is a rectum sample.
 28. Themethod of any of claims 20-27, wherein the sample is a fresh, frozen orpreserved sample or a fine needle aspirate.
 29. The method of any ofclaims 20-28, wherein the sample is a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded(FFPE) sample.
 30. The method of any of claims 20-29, wherein the methodcomprises isolating nucleic acids in the sample.
 31. The method of anyof claims 20-30, wherein the method comprises assaying nucleic acids inthe sample.
 32. The method of any of claims 20-31, further comprisingrecording the miR-320e expression level or risk in a tangible medium.33. The method of any of claims 20-32, further comprising reporting theexpression level or risk to the patient, a health care payer, aphysician, an insurance agent, or an electronic system.
 34. The methodof any of claims 20-33, wherein the colorectal cancer treatmentcomprises a thymidylate synthase inhibitor.
 35. The method of any ofclaim 20-34, wherein the treatment is a pyrimidine analog.
 36. Themethod of any of claims 20-35, wherein the treatment further comprises aplatinum-based antineoplastic.
 37. The method of any of claims 20-36,wherein the treatment is a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and/or Oxaliplatin. 38.The method of any of claims 20-37, further comprising administering tothe patient a treatment that is different from the colorectal cancertreatment in steps a) and b).
 39. The method of any of claims 20-38,further comprising administering to the patient a treatment thatinhibits the expression of miR-320e.
 40. The method of any of claims20-39, further comprising administering to the patient a treatment thatis an siRNA that specifically binds to miR-320e.
 41. A method fortreating a patient with colorectal cancer comprising administering atreatment to the patient that inhibits the expression of miR-320e,wherein the patient is determined to have an increased expression levelin a gene encoding miR-320e compared to a control or referenceexpression level for the gene.
 42. A method of treating a patient withcolorectal cancer, comprising: identifying the patient as having anincreased expression of miR-320e compared to a control or referencelevel of expression; and administering a treatment that inhibits orreduces the expression level of the miR-320e gene.
 43. A tangible,computer-readable medium comprising computer-readable code that, whenexecuted by a computer, causes the computer to perform operationscomprising: a) receiving information corresponding to an expressionlevel of a gene encoding miR-320e in a sample from a patient; and b)determining a difference value in the expression levels using theinformation corresponding to the expression levels in the samplecompared to a control or reference expression level for the gene. 44.The tangible, computer-readable medium of claim 43, wherein thereceiving information comprises receiving the information correspondingto the expression levels from a tangible storage device.
 45. Thetangible, computer-readable medium of any of claims 43-44, furthercomprising computer-readable code that, when executed by a computer,causes the computer to perform one or more additional operationscomprising sending information corresponding to the difference value toa tangible data storage device.
 46. The tangible, computer-readablemedium of any of claims 43-45, further comprising computer-readable codethat, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform one ormore additional operations comprising calculating a prognosis score forthe patient.
 47. The tangible, computer-readable medium of any of claims43-46, further comprising computer-readable code that, when executed bya computer, causes the computer to perform one or more additionaloperations comprising making recommendations comprising: administering atreatment comprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor to a patient thatis determined to have a decreased expression level.
 48. The tangible,computer-readable medium of any of claims 43-47, further comprisingcomputer-readable code that, when executed by a computer, causes thecomputer to perform one or more additional operations comprising makingrecommendations comprising: wherein the patient in the step a) is underor after a first treatment for colorectal cancer, administering the sametreatment as the first treatment to the patient if the patient does nothave increased miR-320e expression level; administering a differenttreatment from the first treatment to the patient if the patient hasincreased miR-320e expression level.
 49. The method of any of claims1-19, wherein the patient is under a current colorectal cancer treatmentcomprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor or administered a priorcolorectal cancer treatment comprising a thymidylate synthase inhibitor.50. A method for determining the risk of recurrence in a patient who hasor had colorectal cancer comprising: measuring an expression level ofmiR-320e in a biological sample from a patient; comparing the expressionlevel of miR-320e in the biological sample to a control or referencesample that indicates whether the expression level is decreased comparedto a level of expression in a sample that has a high risk of colorectalcancer recurrence; and, identifying the patient as not having a highrisk of colorectal cancer recurrence if the expression level isdecreased or identifying the patient as having a high risk of colorectalcancer recurrence if the expression level is similar or greater than thelevel of expression in the sample that has a high risk of colorectalcancer recurrence.